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Honey—An Ancestral Carbohydrate Treat Honey, the first sweet known to humankind, is the only sweetening agent that can be stored and used exactly as produced in nature. Bees process the nectar of flowers so that their final product is able to survive long-term storage at ambient temperature. Used as a ceremonial material and medicinal agent in earliest times, honey was not regarded as a food until the Greeks and Romans. Only in modern times have cane and beet sugar surpassed... honey as the most frequently used sweetener. What is the chemical nature of this magical, viscous substance? The bees’ processing of honey consists of (1) reducing the water content of the nectar (30 to 60%) to the self-preserving range of 15 to 19%, (2) hydrolyzing the significant amount of sucrose in nectar to glucose and fructose by the action of the enzyme invertase, and (3) producing small amounts of gluconic acid from glucose by the action of the enzyme glucose oxidase. Most of the sugar in the final product is glucose and fructose,and the final product is supersaturated with respect to these monosaccharides. Honey actually consists of an emulsion of microscopic glucose hydrate and fructose hydrate crystals in a thick syrup. Sucrose accounts for only about 1% of the sugar in the final product, with fructose at about 38% and glucose at 31% by weight. The figure shows a 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of honey from a mixture of wildflowers in southeastern Pennsylvania. Interestingly, five major hexose species contribute to this spectrum. Although most textbooks show fructose exclusively in its furanose form, the predominant form of fructose (67% of total fructose) is -D-fructopyranose, with the - and fructofuranose forms accounting for 27% and 6% of the fructose, respectively. In polysaccharides, fructose invariably prefers the furanose form, but free fructose (and crystalline fructose) is predominantly B-fructopyranose. Copied....

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ABU Admission list for 2016/17 Academic Session is released, visit www.abu.ed.ng to check your admission status.

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Retweeted NYSC|#2016ACamp (@nysc_ng):

4. Signed: Management

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Retweeted NYSC|#2016ACamp (@nysc_ng):

2. ...working assiduously to ensure that the 2016 Batch 'A' (Stream 2) Orientation is conducted as soon as possible. /3

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You can't judge someone's choices without knowing their reasons.

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Retweeted Mufti Ismail Menk (@muftimenk):

It's a sad truth. We are guilty. We don't appreciate our blessings until the Almighty takes them away from us. Wake up before it's too late.

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People who enjoy helping others and or spending money on others tend to be less stressed, happier and live longer.