Approximately 75% of households (HHs) in Vanuatu are reliant on traditional subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods. Approximately 50% of rural HHs (15,500 HHs) have cattle. Improved on-farm cattle production and better access to cattle markets will provide opportunities for increased HH cash flow and access to goods and services that improve livelihoods. Despite favourable settings for beef cattle production in Vanuatu, beef cattle turnoff is believed to have declined by 30% over the last 10 years with butchers and abattoirs unable to meet increasing demand. This decline is widely attributed to a decline in on-farm productivity of smallholder (SH) farmers, who account for approximately 40% of the national beef herd, and their low levels of participation in formal beef markets. The government of the Republic of Vanuatu (GoV) has identified increased on-farm productivity and participation of ni-Van SH farmers in formal beef markets as a priority development strategy to increase national beef production, meet expanding market opportunities and to increase the incomes and improve the livelihoods of ni-Vanuatu SH HHs.